A Comparative Study of Anatta in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism: Implications for Liberation Paradigms in the Modern World

Abstract

This academic article primarily aims to provide a comparative analysis of the concept of Anatta in Theravada Buddhism and the concept of Sunyata in the Mahayana Madhyamaka school. The research seeks to identify intellectual unity and the implications of these concepts for application in the contemporary global context, which is currently grappling with an ego crisis and hyper-individualism. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on primary scriptures and contemporary Buddhist research, the study reveals that both Buddhist traditions converge on a singular essential goal: the dissolution of ego-attachment (Ego-transcendence) to achieve spiritual liberation.

However, they diverge significantly in their communicative methodologies and linguistic expressions due to varying historical and cultural contexts. Theravada emphasizes analytical reductionism through the Five Aggregates to demonstrate the insubstantiality and lack of control over the illusion of compactness (Ghana). In contrast, Mahayana expands into relational holism through the doctrine of Sunyata, highlighting the emptiness of intrinsic existence (Sva-bhava), which subsequently gives rise to boundless Great Compassion (Mahakaruna). This paper proposes that the synthesis of cross-tradition Buddhist wisdom is not merely an ontological debate but a vital strategic tool for Dhammaduta monks in international missions. It provides a necessary paradigm shift to address modern mental health crises and global conflicts by transitioning from ego-driven alienation to compassion grounded in the realization of "Inter-being." The findings suggest that harmonizing the wisdom of both traditions will empower the global dissemination of Buddhism, making it a cohesive and potent force for sustainably healing humanity.